Why Are Tariffs Preferable to Quotas

Why are tariffs preferred to quantitative restrictions as a means of controlling imports? Tariffs and quantitative restrictions (commonly known as import quotas) both serve the purpose of controlling the number of foreign products that can enter the domestic market. There are a few reasons why tariffs are a more attractive option than import quotas. Tariff Generate Revenue Tariffs generate revenue for the government. If the U.S. government puts a 20 percent tariffs on imported Indian cricket bats, they will collect $10 million dollars if $50 million worth of Indian cricket bats is imported in a year. That may sound like small change for a government, but given the millions of different goods which are imported into a country, the numbers start to add up. In 2011, for instance, the U.S. government collected $28.6 billion in tariff revenue. This is revenue that would be lost to the government unless their import quota system charged a licensing fee on importers. Quotas Can Encourage Corruption Import quotas can lead to administrative corruption. Suppose that there is currently no restriction on importing Indian cricket bats and 30,000 are sold in the U.S. each year. For some reason, the United States decides that they only want 5,000 Indian cricket bats sold per year. They could set an import quota at 5,000 to achieve this objective. The problem is—how do they decide which 5,000 bats get in and which 25,000 do not? The government now has to tell some importer that their cricket bats will be let into the country and tell some other importer than he will not be. This gives the customs officials a lot of power, as they can now give access to favored corporations and deny access to those who are not favored. This can cause a serious corruption problem in countries with import quotas, as the importers chosen to meet the quota are the ones who can provide the most favors to the customs officers. A tariff system can achieve the same objective without the possibility of corruption. The tariff is set at a level which causes the price of the cricket bats to rise just enough so that the demand for cricket bats falls to 5,000 per year. Although tariffs control the price of a good, they indirectly control the quantity sold of that good due to the interaction of supply and demand. Quotas More Likely to Encourage Smuggling Import quotas are more likely to cause smuggling. Both tariffs and import quotas will cause smuggling if they are set at unreasonable levels. If the tariff on cricket bats is set at 95 percent, then its likely that people will try to sneak the bats into the country illegally, just as they would if the import quota is only a small fraction of the demand for the product. So governments have to set the tariff or the import quota at a reasonable level. But what if the demand changes? Suppose cricket becomes a big fad in the United States and everybody and their neighbor want to buy an Indian cricket bat? An import quota of 5,000 might be reasonable if the demand for the product would otherwise be 6,000. Overnight, though, suppose the demand has now jumped to 60,000. With an import quota, there will be massive shortages and smuggling in ​cricket bats will become quite profitable. A tariff does not have these problems. A tariff does not provide a firm limit on the number of products that enter. So if the demand goes up, the number of bats sold will go up, and the government will collect more revenue. Of course, this can also be used as an argument against tariffs, as the government cannot ensure that the number of imports will stay below a certain level. The Tariff vs. Quota Bottom Line For these reasons, tariffs are generally considered to be preferable to import quotas. However, some economists believe that the best solution to the problem of tariffs and quotas is to get rid of them both. This isnt the view of most Americans or, apparently, of a majority of members of Congress, but it is one held by some free-market economists.

What Factors During The Colonial Period Essay - 1636 Words

ESSAY QUESTION: What factors during the colonial period led to American colonists declaring independence from the British Empire? Be sure to discuss the economic, political, and cultural aspects of the American Revolution. PROVISIONAL HYPOTHESIS: The structure of America revolution to address a various issue, which has great impact on America It, was the procedure where the thirteen colonies of North America became independent of Great Britain also then formed a new integrated government. The major reasons of America revolution are cultural, economic and political. Subset section SUB-SECTIONS: The Americans fought beside the British for a figure of reasons, but the mainly important reason was economic in nature. The American Revolution was fought for diverse ideas that were significant in those times. The economy in America was not the greatest, and people had to sustain all the instructions from Great Britain as this was their home country. Consequently, the British prohibited the economy of North America. Several Americans thought that the British were building injustices through the American economy and this was the major reason for the revolution. The American Revolution had their standard figures in the moderate people, who thought that Great Britain was doing prejudices within the colonies. One of the liberal citizen’s major points was never supposed that everybody should be the same economically (McKay 692). The difference connecting rich as well as poor in esteemShow MoreRelatedApush Chapter 5 Guided Reading Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER 5: COLONIA L SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION: 1700-1775 Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britains North American colonies? Britain had an advantage over America with their population in 1700. If Americans wanted to revolt, Britain would outnumber them 25 to 1. 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In our primary text, it describes around the late 17th century the British Government established a board to govern the trade of the kingdom. Its purpose was to manage the colonies andRead MoreThe Survival Of Indigenous Visual Cultures1379 Words   |  6 Pagescultures. Each essay provided for analysis interprets the conquest of the Americas differently and connects it to Colonial Mexico artistic production at various degrees. Each essay also advocates for its own term that can be used to represent the process of Spanish and Indigenous art forms coming together in a complex cultural context. Kubler advocates for the term, folk art to describe colonial art because it is art production that is devoid of its past meaning. His views on conquest explicitly claim

Organizational Change and Development for Tourism - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Change and Development for Tourism. Answer: Introduction Organizational Change and Development Organisational change and development is the study of introducing changes and interventions in the workplace in order to improve work processes and operations. By introducing changes in the workplace, the subject aims at enhancing workplace performance to achieve a higher competitive position in the market (Martins Zedeck, 2011). The evolution of global market and globalisation has made the business world highly complex and competitive. Business organisations are now operating competing with each other on a global scale. Business organisations have become vulnerable to multiple internal and external environment factors that can change within real time. As a result, business organisations are facing a critical market situation and are required to undergo changes to cope up with the changing market factors and competitors. Company Background The Last Resort is a 4-5-star integrated hospitality and tourism resort that is located in regional Tasmania. The hotel was initially a wildlife part and slowly made progress from its initial stage and now offer luxury accommodation and a range of tourist activities to its guests, such as walking tours, game fishing and a golf course. The Hotel has around 25 5 star rooms, 15 4 start chalet styled units and 80 4 star units. The amenities included in the hotel premises are conference halls, 3 restaurants, bars, gyms, pool, spa, golf shop, small marina and wild life tours. The hotel experienced a diverse range of guests who stay in the hotel for different purposes. The hotel is becoming highly popular amongst the residents of North-Asia and India and the management is also planning to become a premier tourist destination within the next 5-7 years. The hotel has also been experiencing certain issues related with the management of its human resources and the responsibility that it has towards the stakeholders. The Hotel has recently received some negative views on one of the leading travel websites and has been criticised for its recruitment processes. The hotel is also facing a steep decline in the number of customers who make a return visit and even the location is losing its credibility as a tourist attraction. To improve the services of the hotel, the management is also deciding to construct a helipad and a landing strip, which is also being opposed by the authorities. Further, the Hotel is also experiencing some internal issues as the employee turnover ratio is increasing the the level of cooperation between departments is reducing. There ar e a number of opportunities coming up in the near future for the hotel and the general manager of the hotel is eager to start expanding the hotel business. As a result, the general manager of the hotel has asked the human resource manager to design an action plan that will help in implementing changes in the workplace. Threats, Opportunities and Change Management Models There are a number of threats and opportunities that the hotel is facing as of now. If the hotel management is able to make use of those opportunities and deal with the threats, it is highly possible that the hotel will achieve its objective of becoming a premier tourist destination. The issues and opportunities that the hotel is facing and can make use of them by implementing a change program are discussed below; Opportunities: First of all, there is a great opportunity for the hotel to establish itself as a honeymoon destination and attract tourists from North-Asia and India. Secondly, the hotel has become a major destination for hosting wedding events for the localities and the management can develop on this opportunity to increase its competencies. Threats: To some extent, the threats to The Last Resort are far greater than the opportunities. Firstly, there are new market entrants who are offering new and unique services, which is grabbing the market share of The Last Resort. Secondly, the Hotel is facing a major challenge in training and developing its staff so that they could provide exceptional services to the guests. Thirdly, the hotel has received some negative reviews on one of the leading trip advisor websites. Fourthly, the hotel is facing a legal issue as it is not offering employment to the localities and is rather hiring employees from outside the city. Lastly, the workplace environment of the Hotel is suffering too. The turnover rates are increasing and the competition between departments is decreasing. There is unrest in the workplace because of rumours. From the above information, it is clear that the hotel management needs to quickly create an urgency and introduce changes because the threats to its business are more than the opportunities. A major area where the management needs to introduce change is the management of its human resources. The management needs to start designing and implementing training and development programs, along with a performance management system to minimise the impact of threats and to increase the chances of opportunities. To implement this change, the management of the hotel can choose between two highly decorated change management models i.e. Kurt Lewins 3-stage model of change or Kotters change management theory (Anastasia, 2015). Change Strategy The change models identified above are two of the most widely used change management programs throughout the world and have great reliability and validity. A justification of the change management models chosen for this particular case is given below: Kurt Lewins Change model Kurt Lewin, one of the pioneers of the subject, proposed a very efficient theory of implementing change in an organisation. In Kurt Lewins theory, there are three different stages i.e. unfreeze, change and refreeze. As the issues that the Last Resort is facing are merely related with the management of the human resources, the model proposed by Kurt Lewin will help in addressing all the issues in the best possible way. In the first stage or in the unfreeze stage, the management of the hotel will be able to establish an urgency in the workplace and communicate with the employees that a change in the operations or some practices is required. In the initial stage, there will always be greater unrest and confusion. The management can share important information with the employees that will help in clearing their doubts, such as reasons for change, benefits of change, drivers of change, change objectives, etc. Using this model, it will become easier for the management to communicate with the employees and involve them in the change program right from the beginning (Cummings Worley, 2014). Once the management feels that it has established an effective communication channel, it can then move on to the second stage or the unfreeze stage. By dealing with most of the initial resistance in the first stage, proceeding to the second stage will act as a planned approach as the employees will then be ready to accept changes. In this stage, the management will be able to foster changes by making a transition from old work practices to new work practices (Morrison, 2014). In the last stage or the refreeze stage, the management will be able to foster positive behaviour amongst the employees who have accepted the change by recognizing and rewarding them. Recognizing and awarding the employees who have accepted the change will help in motivating them as well as the others and it would become easier to implement the change (SMITH, 2013). The model proposed by Kurt Lewin is one of the simplest model for management of a change program and can greatly increase the chances of success. It will help the hotel management in dealing with resistance that the employees might offer and preparing them for future changes too (Hussain, et al., 2016). Kotters change management theory Kotters change management theory is another popular and widely used change management theory throughout the world. The developer of the theory, John P. Kotter, was a professor at the Harvard Business School and proposed eight stages in his theory that can be used to manage a change program (Burnes Cooke, 2012). The eight stages in his theory are listed below: Increase urgency Build a guiding team Form a strategic vision Communicate Deal with the barriers Focus on short term goals Sustain acceleration Incorporate change (Kotter International, n.d.) Many experts believe that the two models i.e. the model given by Kotter and the model given by Kurt Lewin, are similar to each other to a certain extent. Kotter divided his change management plan whereas Kurt Lewin proposed three stages for managing change. The model proposed by Kotter is yet another model that will greatly help the hotel management in implementing the changes that it wants. Using this model, it will become easier for the Hotel to prepare the workforce for a change and to engage them in the change management plan. Further, the hotel management will also be able to create teams and change agents to increase the chances of success and to propagate the change effectively (Velopi, 2015). The model also focuses on the important of celebrating short term achievements which can greatly help in motivating the employees (Riche, n.d.). Barriers to Change Management A change management plan can be a night mare for any business organisation, no matter how competent its human resource managers are. Change management plans often fail because of a number of issues but one of the greatest issues resulting in the failure is the resistance to change offered by the employees due to multiple reasons. Even in the case of the Last Resort, the chances of resistance to change management are high and there can be certain barriers to change management too. First of all, the ability of the human resource management of the hotel to design efficient human resource management functions is one of the biggest barriers to the change program. It is important for the management to design human resource practices, such as a new performance management system, training and development programs and recruitment and selection programs in such a way that they can foster a positivity in the workplace. A failure of the management to design efficient human resource management practice can act as a barrier to the change management program. Secondly, a failure of the management to involve the employees in the change management program will act as another barrier to the change management program. It is important for the management to engage the employees using various strategies so that they can also make some contributions in the change management program and can help in strengthening the change ideas. In case the management fails to involve them, they will feel left out and will create panic in the mind of the others too. The feeling of being left out and panic will grow into resistance and will act as a barrier to the change management program (Smith, 2015). Thirdly, improper communication will also act as a barrier to the change management program. Establishing a strong communication channel and keeping the employees informed about the details of the change program helps in building trust and preventing the employees from becoming insecure. If the communication is not proper, the employees can start to feel insecure and there can be origination of rumours in the workplace, which will ultimately lead to resistance and will act as a solid barrier to the change management program. Lastly, the organisation also needs to ensure that it does not ends up complicating the change management program. As such, the workforce is not prepared for a change and the organisation should take its time to prepare the workforce. The management should introduce workplace changes in a systematic manner rather than introducing all of them at once. In case all the change programs are implemented at once, the management might end up complicating the situation and the complexity of the change management program will act as a barrier to the change management program (Mar, 2013). Ethical Issues in Strategic Change Implementation The external and internal factors that are forcing the business organisations in introducing changes to such an extent that the management of business organisations can sometimes forget the ethical role and the corporate social responsibility that they have to play towards the stakeholders. There are certain ethical issues that can emerge during the implementation of a change program. These issues are discussed below: First of all, it is important for the management to fulfil an ethical obligation towards the employees while designing and implementing a change program. As a business, it is important for the management to ensure job security and economic well-being for the employees while planning and implementing change programs so that their personal lives are not affected by the change (Lewis, n.d.). The Hotel will have to ensure that it provides adequate employment opportunities to the localities as its an important part of its corporate social responsibility and also deal with the redundant workforce in the best possible manner. Secondly, another major ethical issue that the hotel management might have to encounter while planning and implementing its change program is its decision related with the construction of a helipad and an airstrip. Airstrip and helipad will require a lot of land to be deforested as the hotel is setup in a wildlife area. Clearing forest land will be one of the most unethical decisions from a business point of view and will not just harm the reputation of the Hotel but can also get the hotel into legal troubles. Conclusion The increasing competition in the market and the inefficiencies in the internal operations and management practices of the hotel is posing a great threat to its market position. The hotel might not be able to continue on its path of success and achieve its objective of becoming a premier tourist destination if the situation is not carefully dealt with. As a result, the management of the hotel should start designing a change management program using one of the change management model discussed above. To increase the chances of success of the change management program, the management should try to deal with the root causes of barriers to the change implementation and should also make sure that it acts ethically while designing and implementing its change program. Bibliography Martins, L. L. Zedeck, S., 2011. Organizational change and development. s.l.:American Psychological Association.Anastasia, 2015. Major Approaches Models of Change Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.cleverism.com/major-approaches-models-of-change-management/[Accessed 21 May 2017]. Cummings, T. G. Worley, C. G., 2014. Organization Development and Change. s.l.:Cengage learning. Morrison, M., 2014. Kurt Lewin change theory three step model unfreeze, change, freeze. [Online] Available at: https://rapidbi.com/kurt-lewin-three-step-change-theory/ [Accessed 21 May 2017]. SMITH, C., 2013. Kurt Lewin Change Management Model Overview. [Online] Available at: https://change.walkme.com/kurt-lewin-change-management-model-overview/[Accessed 21 May 2017]. Hussain, S. T. et al., 2016. Kurt Lewin's process model for organizational change: The role of leadership and employee involvement: A critical review. Journal of Innovation Knowledge, 11 October, 2017(May), p. 21. Kotter International, n.d. 8-STEP PROCESS. [Online] Available at: https://www.kotterinternational.com/8-steps-process-for-leading-change/[Accessed 21 May 2017]. Burnes, B. Cooke, B., 2012. Kurt Lewin's Field Theory: A Review and Re-evaluation. International Journal of Management Reviews, 5 September, 2017(May), p. 21. Velopi, 2015. Different Change Models. [Online] Available at: https://www.velopi.com/news/pmi-pmp-free-project-management-resource-Kotter [Accessed 21 May 2017]. Riche, R., n.d. USING KOTTERS 8-STEP ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE MODEL FOR SUCCESS. [Online] Available at: https://www.oneclearmessage.co.za/using-kotters-8-step-organisational-change-model/[Accessed 21 May 2017]. Smith, C., 2015. 5 Barriers to Change Management and How to Easily Overcome Them. [Online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/5-barriers-change-management-how-easily-overcome-them-smith[Accessed 21 May 2017]. Mar, A., 2013. 5 Barriers To Organizational Change. [Online] Available at: https://management.simplicable.com/management/new/5-barriers-to-organizational-change [Accessed 21 May 2017]. Lewis, J., n.d. The Role of Ethics Responsibilities in Leading Innovation Change. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/role-ethics-responsibilities-leading-innovation-change-38298.html[Accessed 21 May 2017].

Pesticides And Their Harmful Affects Essays - Biocides,

Pesticides And Their Harmful Affects There are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and it's affects on the average person. Though, the one that hits closest to home, worldwide, is the trust that individuals have in the food that they consume. Yet pesticides are still found daily in foods all around the world. Pesticides are toxins that are used by produce growers universally to control pests that can destroy crops. These toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruits and vegetables that have remaining toxins on them. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being done to safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average person consume harmful amounts of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problem continuing to get a blind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? These questions when asked only lead to more questions. Until things are done to change the systems of pesticide usage universally, society can nev er be sure as to the long term effects on our environment and what they are eating or giving to the future of our world, the children. In some foreign countries pesticides are used more frequently with legislative control than in the United States. In Mexico and South America, for example, many of the pesticides that the United States and Europe have banned, wind up being used on a majority of their produce crops. The largest problem with this is that Europe and the United States import from South America for produce all of the time. What good does it do to ban harmful agricultural chemicals to be used on domestically grown crops if crops in other countries are grown with these same harmful chemicals, and are then allowed to be imported? Mexico and South America are the leading suppliers of produce for the earth's population because their climate is very conducive to year around crops. Unfortunately those countries are also known for their large amount of insects of all varieties. These insects are steadily becoming more and more immune to toxins that are sprayed on crops. More than five hundred insects, one hundred and fifty plant diseases and two hundred and seventy weeds are now resistant to pesticides. Results are that U.S. growers as well, are steadily forced to apply more and stronger toxins. As the amount and the strength of the toxin increases, the immunity of the targeted insects to these toxins also increases. Total U.S. crop losses from insect damage has nearly doubled since 1945. Insecticide use during this same time has increased tenfold. This war will go on being waged until the game plan is changed. The produce export trade in some cities and countries constitutes the majority of their economy and they will protect the resulting income at all costs. These places have very little legislation to control chemical usage, and follow up on almost none of i ts effects. Officials do not care how it affects consumers, being adults or children. Even their own agricultural worker's health is of no concern. These officials only care about producing crops and exporting them with as little overhead as possible. The bottom line is, always has been, and always will be money. In Villa Juarez, Mexico, many children who work in the produce fields are coming down with mysterious illnesses and some people in this region put the blame directly on those children's contact with the chemical acephate and other pesticides that are used in that area. The use of acephate is illegal in the United States, but is perfectly legal in Mexico. Doctors in Juarez are treating unusually high amounts of cancer and also fifty to eighty cases of chemical poisoning per week in their agricultural workers. This continues to happen because the government and the growers do not take these illnesses seriously; the workers are expendable. Growers in Culcan Valley, Mexico use chemicals to increase production of produce sold in the U.S. every winter. Unfortunately, studies that were preformed by the Government Accounting office in Mexico showed that at least six pesticides that are illegal in the U.S. were still on the produce when it was